Primary Sources
- Books & Documents
Park, Chung Hee, Leadership, the Revolutionary Process, 1962.
: This book helped us understand the views of Park Chung Hee himself. He believed that South Korea needed revolution to overcome the poor surroundings, and this revolutionary process required strong leadership. We used several quotes from this book related to Park’s personal perspective.
Park, Chung Hee, The Country, The Revolution and I, Hollym Corporation Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970.
: This book written by Park Chung Hee gave us insight about his purpose of various policies and vision about the future of South Korea. This book deals with President Park’s will for economic reconstruction and independence from other countries. Also we could catch his anti-communism perspective throughout this book.
Park, Chung Hee, Our Nation’s Path: Ideology of Social Reconstruction, Hollym Corporation Publishers, 1970.
: We used this book as a primary source to figure out Park Chung Hee’s expectation of the new society. Especially, this book let us know about the Park’s founding principle and political belief of the nation.
Park, Chung Hee, To Build a Nation, Acropolis Books, Washington, D.C., 1971.
: This book gave us a primary source of Park’s fundamental thoughts and vision of reconstructing South Korea. It dealt with extensive materials including economics, society and ideology.
Edward Mason, The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea, Havard University Asia Center, 1980.
: This book examines elements underlying the remarkable growth of the Korean economy and associated changes throughout the society and government. Also it emphasizes the importance of foreign economic assistance in Park’s developmental era, American assistance, in particular. We could also obtain materials focusing on macroeconomic phenomena, the behavior of monetary, fiscal, and foreign exchange from this book.
Oh, Won Chul, The Korea Story: President Park Jung-hee's Leadership and the Korean Industrial Revolution, Wisdomtree, 2009.
: From this book, we got information about the circumstances of the Park Chung-hee era in detail. Especially, the author focused on economic development process during Park’s era and the executive ability of him. Although this book was written in 2009, we classified this book as primary source as the author directed economic strategies during the Park Chung-hee era..
Oberdorfer, Don, The Two Koreas –A Contemporary History, Caliusto, Indianapolis, 2001.
: Don Oberdorfer is a well-known journalist who wrote for the Washington Post for twenty-five years and is currently a resident scholar at Johns Hopkins University Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. As someone who had long been in South Korea as an Army lieutenant after the signing of the armistice that ended the Korean War, we consider his book to be a primary source. Oberdorfer talks about the overall Korean history in an insightful way and deals with various issues surrounding North and South Korea. We could grasp a general idea of the Park Chung Hee era at an outsider’s point of view by this book.
The Economic Planning Board, Economic policy of the development era: 20 years of the Economic Planning Board, 1982.
: This source was useful because it provided information about the Five-Year Plan and its original intentions. It also offers details about Park Chung Hee’s economic policy and the consequential economic development made in Korea. Additionally, this document discusses how the Economic planning board affected the Five-Year Plan during Park Chung Hee era.
Hong, Sung-You, Korea Economy and the US Economic Assistance, Parkyoungsa, 1962.
: This book helped us to know about the economic assistance from the US. Also it let us know how the US assistance was important to South Korea’s economic development and the ulterior motive of the US providing assistance. This information is used on the ‘Foreign Capital’ part of the website.
TIME, SOUTH KOREA: Eastern Modifications, 1975, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917378,00.html#ixzz2KBuaUzm8
: This is an article about President Park Chung Hee’s eastern modifications in contrast with western way. This article gave us insight about Park Chung Hee’s own line of conducting in economic development.
TIME, World: A Very Tough Peasant, 1979, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912510,00.html#ixzz2KBlu24CI
: This article gave explanation about evaluation with Park Chung Hee’s achievement; especially we used a quote of former US ambassador Richard Sneider from this article.
TIME, “SOUTH KOREA: No Harmony or Peace”, August 5. 1974.
: This article gave us a new insight on the situation of South Korea in 1970s. In particular it let us know the willpower of Park Chung Hee to confront the harsh conditions. We excerpted a part of his speech spoken in 1973 on the home page of our website.
Kim, Joung Won, Divided Korea; The Politics of Development, 1945-1972, East Asian Research Center, Harvard University press, 1976.
: We got information about the external and internal factors that have molded the regimes of South Korea from this book. This book examines Park’s leadership roles, his use of existing political tools, and international pressure throughout his time. We used this information on the International Relations and Developmental Dictatorship page.
Mason, Edward, The Economic and Social Modernization in the Republic of Korea, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1980.
: This book helped us understand South Korea’s overall development process. In particular, it gave us information about each government’s methods of economic growth and this gave us insight of Park government’s role in South Korea’s developmental history.
Images
Park Chung Hee seized power of South Korea in a 1961 coup, H. EDWARD KIM/National Geographic Stock, http://www.nationalgeographicstock.com/ngsimages/explore/explore.jsf;jsessionid=2357D1FD760396BCB1FE1BD91B76928F.worker1
: This is a photograph of Park Chung Hee in a contemplative mood. We used this photo as the background of the title of our webpage.
North and South Korea: A history of violence, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/20/korea-assassination-attempts-clashes-standoffs
: This is a photo of President Park Chung-hee visiting a Seoul factory. We used this photo to show how much Park was interested in industry developments.
Park Chung-hee: the man who transformed Korea, The Korea Times, 2011, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/issues/2013/01/363_92553.html
: This is an image of Seoul-Busan Expressway opening ceremony. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of this website.
60 Years of the Republic: Exports Top US$10 Billion, Chosunmedia, 2008, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/09/05/200809056100html
: We used a picture of a large tower featuring “$10 billion exports turnover” set up at the Gwanghwamun intersection in downtown Seoul in December 1977. We used this photo on the ‘Legacy’ page of our website.
Building Korea on pillars of steel, Korea Joongang Daily, 2011, http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2945592
: We used this photo to show that Park Chung Hee was playing a leading role in development of Korea industry, especially the secondary industries of southeastern part of Korean Peninsula. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of this website.
Korea-Japan Treaty, Breakthrough for Nation Building, The Korea Times, 2010, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2013/01/291_62653.html
: This is a photo of President Park signing the Korea-Japan Basic Treaty on June 22, 1965. Following this deal, the Park government could pursue its second five-year economic development plan. We used this photo on ‘Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization’ page.
Prime Ministers and President Park Chung Hee, LBJ Library, Frank Wolfe, White House Photo Office, October 24, 1966.
: We used this photo to show how President Park exerted himself to maintain good relationships with other countries during his time. We used this picture on ‘International Relations’ page of our website.
60 Years of the Republic: Park Chung-hee and the Miracle on the Han River, The Chosun Ilbo, July 16, 2008, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/07/16/2008071661016.html
: This is the ground-breaking ceremony for the Ulsan Industrial Center in February 1962, which was the beginning under the five-year plans. By 1968, 13 petrochemical factories had been built in this complex. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of our website.
Encounter of two great patriots, The Korea Herald, Dec 19, 2011, http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20111219000848
: This file photo taken in the 1970s shows then POSCO chief Park Tae-joon accompanying President Park Chung-hee as they visited a steel factory in Pohang. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of this website.
Saemaul Undong Sets Model for Developing Countries, Courtesy of Korea Saemaul Undong Center, 1970, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2012/03/291_64301.html.
: This is a picture of some villagers building a bridge in the 1970s. The Korean government provided raw materials such as wood and cement for infrastructure construction undertaken by community members. We used this picture on ‘Saemaeul Movement’ page of this website.
Secondary Sources
Books & Documents
Edward Graham, Reforming Korea’s Industrial Conglomerates, Institute for International Economics, 2003
: This book examines details about aggressive industrial policy pursued by President Park Chung-hee during which time the Chaebol began to take form. We used this information in ‘International Relations’ part of the website.
Lee, Byeong-Cheon, Developmental Dictatorship and the Park Chung-hee Era, Changbi Publishers, 2003.
: This is a book dealing with the relationship between economic development and political factors. From this book, we used some quotes of Lee Won-Dok and Ko Song-Kuk on the Developmental Dictatorship page.
Son Ho-Chul, Korea Politics during Transition Period, 1993, Changbi
: From this book, we could learn about the detailed information of Korea-Japan diplomatic normalization.
Rhee, Yung Whee, Bruce Ross-Larson, and Garry Pursell, Korea's Competitive Edge : Managing the entry into World Markets, Jones Hopkins University Press, 1984.
: This book helped us understand Korea’s export performance in detail. Especially, we were able to know various government agencies related to export promotion, the key role of these agencies in South Korea’s economic development. This effort let Korea successfully enter into the World Market, build a proper foundation of economic prospers.
Han, Seung-Jo, The Boom of Park Chung-Hee, coincidence or necessity, 1999.
: This is a book of historical consideration about Park Chung hee and the evaluation about his character and administrative achievement. Also it contains dissertation and writings about Park Chung Hee.
Gang, Gwang-ha, Five Year Economic Development Plan: Evaluation on the Goal and Execution, Seoul National University Press, 2000.
: This book gave us detailed information about Korea’s Five Year Development Plan and its assessment by the future generations. We could understand the flow of the economic development plan which went along throughout decades by this book.
The World Bank, Export Generation: Republic of Korea, Washington DC: World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resources/258598-1284061150155/7383639-1323888814015/8319788-1324485944855/06_korea.pdf
: This is a report from the World Bank about the findings of the Export Oriented policy of Korea and recommendations for developing countries. We used this report to show Park Chung Hee’s Export Oriented Industrialization and how the enforcement changed Korea’s economic circumstances.
The World Bank, Trends in Developing Countries, Washington DC: World Bank, 1990.
: This World Bank’s document gave us information about the trends in developing countries and especially the outstanding example of South Korea. We found out that South Korea’s economic development established a good precedent to other developing countries, and used information about Park Chung Hee’s development strategies throughout our website.
The World Bank, Country Brief: The World Bank and the Republic of Korea, http://go.worldbank.org/FR813B60S0
: This is the World Bank’s country brief report that summarizes important developments and the role of World Bank in development of South Korea. The report presents statistical indicators containing text, figures, and tables describing important developments of South Korea and its relationship with the World Bank throughout the rapid development era.
Ahn, Choong Yong, The Outward Looking Trade Policy and the Industrial Development of South Korea, Chung-Ang University Press, 2007.
: This document allowed us to fully understand Park Chung-hee’s Export Oriented Industrialization Policy and the following developments.
Mortuza Khaled, Park Chung-hee’s Industrialization Policy and its Lessons for Developing Countries, A Paper for the World Congress for Korean Studies, August, 2007, Department of History University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
: This book covers the eighteen years of Park period which laid the economic foundation for the accelerated modernization of South Korea. The author intends to identify the factors of successful industrialization of South Korea which other developing countries also can pursue for their own ends.
The Korea Times, Korea-Japan Treaty, Breakthrough for Nation Building, 2010, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2013/01/291_62653.html
: This material let us know about the 14 years of Korea-Japan Normalization talks in detail. We used this information on the ‘Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization’ part of the website.
Video
Asia Rising: Japan and Korea Rebuild Part II, the PBS series The People's Century, 1999.
: This video clip deals with the revolutionary economic growth of Korea, especially the economic sector. We used this material to provide audiovisual information on the ‘Reform’ part of this website.
- Books & Documents
Park, Chung Hee, Leadership, the Revolutionary Process, 1962.
: This book helped us understand the views of Park Chung Hee himself. He believed that South Korea needed revolution to overcome the poor surroundings, and this revolutionary process required strong leadership. We used several quotes from this book related to Park’s personal perspective.
Park, Chung Hee, The Country, The Revolution and I, Hollym Corporation Publishers, Seoul, Korea, 1970.
: This book written by Park Chung Hee gave us insight about his purpose of various policies and vision about the future of South Korea. This book deals with President Park’s will for economic reconstruction and independence from other countries. Also we could catch his anti-communism perspective throughout this book.
Park, Chung Hee, Our Nation’s Path: Ideology of Social Reconstruction, Hollym Corporation Publishers, 1970.
: We used this book as a primary source to figure out Park Chung Hee’s expectation of the new society. Especially, this book let us know about the Park’s founding principle and political belief of the nation.
Park, Chung Hee, To Build a Nation, Acropolis Books, Washington, D.C., 1971.
: This book gave us a primary source of Park’s fundamental thoughts and vision of reconstructing South Korea. It dealt with extensive materials including economics, society and ideology.
Edward Mason, The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea, Havard University Asia Center, 1980.
: This book examines elements underlying the remarkable growth of the Korean economy and associated changes throughout the society and government. Also it emphasizes the importance of foreign economic assistance in Park’s developmental era, American assistance, in particular. We could also obtain materials focusing on macroeconomic phenomena, the behavior of monetary, fiscal, and foreign exchange from this book.
Oh, Won Chul, The Korea Story: President Park Jung-hee's Leadership and the Korean Industrial Revolution, Wisdomtree, 2009.
: From this book, we got information about the circumstances of the Park Chung-hee era in detail. Especially, the author focused on economic development process during Park’s era and the executive ability of him. Although this book was written in 2009, we classified this book as primary source as the author directed economic strategies during the Park Chung-hee era..
Oberdorfer, Don, The Two Koreas –A Contemporary History, Caliusto, Indianapolis, 2001.
: Don Oberdorfer is a well-known journalist who wrote for the Washington Post for twenty-five years and is currently a resident scholar at Johns Hopkins University Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. As someone who had long been in South Korea as an Army lieutenant after the signing of the armistice that ended the Korean War, we consider his book to be a primary source. Oberdorfer talks about the overall Korean history in an insightful way and deals with various issues surrounding North and South Korea. We could grasp a general idea of the Park Chung Hee era at an outsider’s point of view by this book.
The Economic Planning Board, Economic policy of the development era: 20 years of the Economic Planning Board, 1982.
: This source was useful because it provided information about the Five-Year Plan and its original intentions. It also offers details about Park Chung Hee’s economic policy and the consequential economic development made in Korea. Additionally, this document discusses how the Economic planning board affected the Five-Year Plan during Park Chung Hee era.
Hong, Sung-You, Korea Economy and the US Economic Assistance, Parkyoungsa, 1962.
: This book helped us to know about the economic assistance from the US. Also it let us know how the US assistance was important to South Korea’s economic development and the ulterior motive of the US providing assistance. This information is used on the ‘Foreign Capital’ part of the website.
TIME, SOUTH KOREA: Eastern Modifications, 1975, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917378,00.html#ixzz2KBuaUzm8
: This is an article about President Park Chung Hee’s eastern modifications in contrast with western way. This article gave us insight about Park Chung Hee’s own line of conducting in economic development.
TIME, World: A Very Tough Peasant, 1979, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912510,00.html#ixzz2KBlu24CI
: This article gave explanation about evaluation with Park Chung Hee’s achievement; especially we used a quote of former US ambassador Richard Sneider from this article.
TIME, “SOUTH KOREA: No Harmony or Peace”, August 5. 1974.
: This article gave us a new insight on the situation of South Korea in 1970s. In particular it let us know the willpower of Park Chung Hee to confront the harsh conditions. We excerpted a part of his speech spoken in 1973 on the home page of our website.
Kim, Joung Won, Divided Korea; The Politics of Development, 1945-1972, East Asian Research Center, Harvard University press, 1976.
: We got information about the external and internal factors that have molded the regimes of South Korea from this book. This book examines Park’s leadership roles, his use of existing political tools, and international pressure throughout his time. We used this information on the International Relations and Developmental Dictatorship page.
Mason, Edward, The Economic and Social Modernization in the Republic of Korea, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1980.
: This book helped us understand South Korea’s overall development process. In particular, it gave us information about each government’s methods of economic growth and this gave us insight of Park government’s role in South Korea’s developmental history.
Images
Park Chung Hee seized power of South Korea in a 1961 coup, H. EDWARD KIM/National Geographic Stock, http://www.nationalgeographicstock.com/ngsimages/explore/explore.jsf;jsessionid=2357D1FD760396BCB1FE1BD91B76928F.worker1
: This is a photograph of Park Chung Hee in a contemplative mood. We used this photo as the background of the title of our webpage.
North and South Korea: A history of violence, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/20/korea-assassination-attempts-clashes-standoffs
: This is a photo of President Park Chung-hee visiting a Seoul factory. We used this photo to show how much Park was interested in industry developments.
Park Chung-hee: the man who transformed Korea, The Korea Times, 2011, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/issues/2013/01/363_92553.html
: This is an image of Seoul-Busan Expressway opening ceremony. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of this website.
60 Years of the Republic: Exports Top US$10 Billion, Chosunmedia, 2008, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/09/05/200809056100html
: We used a picture of a large tower featuring “$10 billion exports turnover” set up at the Gwanghwamun intersection in downtown Seoul in December 1977. We used this photo on the ‘Legacy’ page of our website.
Building Korea on pillars of steel, Korea Joongang Daily, 2011, http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2945592
: We used this photo to show that Park Chung Hee was playing a leading role in development of Korea industry, especially the secondary industries of southeastern part of Korean Peninsula. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of this website.
Korea-Japan Treaty, Breakthrough for Nation Building, The Korea Times, 2010, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2013/01/291_62653.html
: This is a photo of President Park signing the Korea-Japan Basic Treaty on June 22, 1965. Following this deal, the Park government could pursue its second five-year economic development plan. We used this photo on ‘Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization’ page.
Prime Ministers and President Park Chung Hee, LBJ Library, Frank Wolfe, White House Photo Office, October 24, 1966.
: We used this photo to show how President Park exerted himself to maintain good relationships with other countries during his time. We used this picture on ‘International Relations’ page of our website.
60 Years of the Republic: Park Chung-hee and the Miracle on the Han River, The Chosun Ilbo, July 16, 2008, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/07/16/2008071661016.html
: This is the ground-breaking ceremony for the Ulsan Industrial Center in February 1962, which was the beginning under the five-year plans. By 1968, 13 petrochemical factories had been built in this complex. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of our website.
Encounter of two great patriots, The Korea Herald, Dec 19, 2011, http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20111219000848
: This file photo taken in the 1970s shows then POSCO chief Park Tae-joon accompanying President Park Chung-hee as they visited a steel factory in Pohang. We used this picture on ‘The Miracle on the Han River’ page of this website.
Saemaul Undong Sets Model for Developing Countries, Courtesy of Korea Saemaul Undong Center, 1970, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2012/03/291_64301.html.
: This is a picture of some villagers building a bridge in the 1970s. The Korean government provided raw materials such as wood and cement for infrastructure construction undertaken by community members. We used this picture on ‘Saemaeul Movement’ page of this website.
Secondary Sources
Books & Documents
Edward Graham, Reforming Korea’s Industrial Conglomerates, Institute for International Economics, 2003
: This book examines details about aggressive industrial policy pursued by President Park Chung-hee during which time the Chaebol began to take form. We used this information in ‘International Relations’ part of the website.
Lee, Byeong-Cheon, Developmental Dictatorship and the Park Chung-hee Era, Changbi Publishers, 2003.
: This is a book dealing with the relationship between economic development and political factors. From this book, we used some quotes of Lee Won-Dok and Ko Song-Kuk on the Developmental Dictatorship page.
Son Ho-Chul, Korea Politics during Transition Period, 1993, Changbi
: From this book, we could learn about the detailed information of Korea-Japan diplomatic normalization.
Rhee, Yung Whee, Bruce Ross-Larson, and Garry Pursell, Korea's Competitive Edge : Managing the entry into World Markets, Jones Hopkins University Press, 1984.
: This book helped us understand Korea’s export performance in detail. Especially, we were able to know various government agencies related to export promotion, the key role of these agencies in South Korea’s economic development. This effort let Korea successfully enter into the World Market, build a proper foundation of economic prospers.
Han, Seung-Jo, The Boom of Park Chung-Hee, coincidence or necessity, 1999.
: This is a book of historical consideration about Park Chung hee and the evaluation about his character and administrative achievement. Also it contains dissertation and writings about Park Chung Hee.
Gang, Gwang-ha, Five Year Economic Development Plan: Evaluation on the Goal and Execution, Seoul National University Press, 2000.
: This book gave us detailed information about Korea’s Five Year Development Plan and its assessment by the future generations. We could understand the flow of the economic development plan which went along throughout decades by this book.
The World Bank, Export Generation: Republic of Korea, Washington DC: World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resources/258598-1284061150155/7383639-1323888814015/8319788-1324485944855/06_korea.pdf
: This is a report from the World Bank about the findings of the Export Oriented policy of Korea and recommendations for developing countries. We used this report to show Park Chung Hee’s Export Oriented Industrialization and how the enforcement changed Korea’s economic circumstances.
The World Bank, Trends in Developing Countries, Washington DC: World Bank, 1990.
: This World Bank’s document gave us information about the trends in developing countries and especially the outstanding example of South Korea. We found out that South Korea’s economic development established a good precedent to other developing countries, and used information about Park Chung Hee’s development strategies throughout our website.
The World Bank, Country Brief: The World Bank and the Republic of Korea, http://go.worldbank.org/FR813B60S0
: This is the World Bank’s country brief report that summarizes important developments and the role of World Bank in development of South Korea. The report presents statistical indicators containing text, figures, and tables describing important developments of South Korea and its relationship with the World Bank throughout the rapid development era.
Ahn, Choong Yong, The Outward Looking Trade Policy and the Industrial Development of South Korea, Chung-Ang University Press, 2007.
: This document allowed us to fully understand Park Chung-hee’s Export Oriented Industrialization Policy and the following developments.
Mortuza Khaled, Park Chung-hee’s Industrialization Policy and its Lessons for Developing Countries, A Paper for the World Congress for Korean Studies, August, 2007, Department of History University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
: This book covers the eighteen years of Park period which laid the economic foundation for the accelerated modernization of South Korea. The author intends to identify the factors of successful industrialization of South Korea which other developing countries also can pursue for their own ends.
The Korea Times, Korea-Japan Treaty, Breakthrough for Nation Building, 2010, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2013/01/291_62653.html
: This material let us know about the 14 years of Korea-Japan Normalization talks in detail. We used this information on the ‘Korea-Japan Diplomatic Normalization’ part of the website.
Video
Asia Rising: Japan and Korea Rebuild Part II, the PBS series The People's Century, 1999.
: This video clip deals with the revolutionary economic growth of Korea, especially the economic sector. We used this material to provide audiovisual information on the ‘Reform’ part of this website.